Recognition of the caudate lobe and reflections on related issues / 中华消化外科杂志

The hepatic caudate lobe is located in the deep back area of the liver. Due to the unique anatomical position of hepatic caudate lobe, surgical treatment for tumor of hepatic caudate lobe is particularly difficult. Non-surgical treatment, such as ablation, transarterial embolization, etc, is also challenging for tumor of hepatic caudate lobe, and the therapeutic effect is inferior to that of surgery. Therefore, surgical resection is the only treatment for tumor of hepatic caudate lobe. The authors discuss the research history of hepatic caudate lobe, the problems of laparoscopic technique in hepatic caudate lobe resection, etc, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the concept of accuracy of laparoscopic caudate lobectomy.

[Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water and Their Control Strategies: A Review].

Disinfection by-products(DBPs) are secondary pollutants generated by the reaction of disinfectants with organic or inorganic precursors during drinking water disinfection. DBPs have received considerable global attention due to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic characteristics. Focusing on drinking water, this paper introduces the main classification and research history of DBPs, and then summarizes the concentration levels of common DBPs in drinking water, and DBPs regulatory compliance in global drinking water standards. Further, the control strategies for DBPs in drinking water, including source control, process control, DBPs removal and integrated control are introduced together with the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a summary and review of the current level and future trends of DBPs research in China are presented with the proposed control strategies. On the one hand, when evaluating the control effect of a process or technology, the DBPs concentration and comprehensive toxicity should be considered; on the other hand, in order to realize the efficient control of DBPs in drinking water, the focus should be on the integrated methods coupling different DBPs control methods.

Personal Perspectives on Plant Ribosomal RNA Genes Research: From Precursor-rRNA to Molecular Evolution.

The history of rDNA research started almost 90 years ago when the geneticist, Barbara McClintock observed that in interphase nuclei of maize the nucleolus was formed in association with a specific region normally located near the end of a chromosome, which she called the nucleolar organizer region (NOR). Cytologists in the twentieth century recognized the nucleolus as a common structure in all eukaryotic cells, using both light and electron microscopy and biochemical and genetic studies identified ribosomes as the subcellular sites of protein synthesis. In the mid- to late 1960s, the synthesis of nuclear-encoded rRNA was the only system in multicellular organisms where transcripts of known function could be isolated, and their synthesis and processing could be studied. Cytogenetic observations of NOR regions with altered structure in plant interspecific hybrids and detailed knowledge of structure and function of rDNA were prerequisites for studies of nucleolar dominance, epistatic interactions of rDNA loci, and epigenetic silencing. In this article, we focus on the early rDNA research in plants, performed mainly at the dawn of molecular biology in the 60 to 80-ties of the last century which presented a prequel to the modern genomic era. We discuss - from a personal view - the topics such as synthesis of rRNA precursor (35S pre-rRNA in plants), processing, and the organization of 35S and 5S rDNA. Cloning and sequencing led to the observation that the transcribed and processed regions of the rRNA genes vary enormously, even between populations and species, in comparison with the more conserved regions coding for the mature rRNAs. Epigenetic phenomena and the impact of hybridization and allopolyploidy on rDNA expression and homogenization are discussed. This historical view of scientific progress and achievements sets the scene for the other articles highlighting the immense progress in rDNA research published in this special issue of Frontiers in Plant Science on "Molecular organization, evolution, and function of ribosomal DNA."

Evolution of soccer as a research topic.

Soccer has not only the largest number of worldwide participants, it is also the most studied sport, with nearly 14,000 citations listed on Pubmed and nearly 60% more articles than the next most studied sport. Research about soccer was limited until the late 1970s when exponential growth began; approximately 98% of all soccer-related research publications have occurred since 1980. This vast repository of soccer research shows trends in various major (e.g., 'sex' or 'age group' or 'performance' or 'injury') and specialty (e.g., agility, deceleration, elbow-head impact injuries, behavior) topics. Examining trends of the various topics provides insights into which subjects have come in and out of favor as well as what topics or demographics have been neglected and worthy of inquiry. A further examination can be used by students to learn the most productive researchers, which programs have a strong history of inquiry, and what journals have demonstrated a commitment to publishing research on soccer.

Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) of Latvia: an annotated checklist.

A bibliographical checklist of eriophyoid mites reported from Latvia is compiled. To date, 67 eriophyoid mite species associated with more than 29 plant genera have been recorded from Latvia. Many eriophyoid mite species previously reported in the literature were based on damage symptoms only rather than mite morphology. Some species records did not involve collecting and identifying actual specimens. To date, the majority of eriophyoid species documented from Latvia are associated with ornamental and wild woody plants with low commercial significance. Only damage caused by several Cecidophyopsis species, the pests of blackcurrants and redcurrants, is considered to be of economic significance, although in recent years Aculus fockeui (Nalepa Trouessart) has become a problem in plum orchards. Eriophyoid mites inhabiting herbaceous plants in Latvia have been poorly studied as only five species have been described. The present study shows that major revision is necessary for many of the eriophyoid mite species previously recorded.

[Exploring the history of the management theory and technology of broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.)forest in Changbai Mountain Region, Northeast China.] / é•¿ç™½å±±åŒºé˜”å¶çº¢æ¾æž—ç»è¥åŽ†å²ä¸Žç ”ç©¶åŽ†ç¨‹.

Changbai Mountain is located in the eastern mountain forest region of Northeast China, with broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BKF) as the climax vegetation type. The region is rich in species diversity and serves as an important carrier for precious wood production and forest belts in Northeast China. In the recent 120 years, the vast primary forests in Changbai Mountains have almost disappeared, and have been replaced by secondary forests, over-cut forests, and plantations. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the theory and technology of forest management for BKF in Northeast China have gradually improved along with the researches and understanding on the structure and function of BKF, the disputes of Korean pine regeneration characteristics, and the debate about clear cutting and selective cutting. However, the problem of insufficient Korean pine regeneration still exists, and forest management is very extensive. We tried to untangle the management technology trail and research history of BKF in the past 70 years, and to analyze the current forest types and the formation process of the management regulations, with the aim to provide reference for the sustainable management and quality improvement of natural forests in the region.

Review of Scientific Self-Experimentation: Ethics History, Regulation, Scenarios, and Views Among Ethics Committees and Prominent Scientists.

We examine self-experimentation ethics history and practice, related law, use scenarios in universities and industry, and attitudes. We show through analysis of the historical development of medical ethics and regulation, from Hippocrates through Good Clinical Practice that there are no ethical barriers to self-experimentation. When the self-experimenter is a true investigator, there is no other party to be protected from unethical behavior. We discuss the n-of-1 issue in self-experiments, and make suggestions for improving experiment design. We discuss real-world scenarios of self-experimentation: at universities, for independent single-subject investigators, investigator/employees at pharmaceutical firms, and nonscientist self-experimenters. Our survey of ethics committees regarding policy and review for self-experimenting investigators show that approximately one-third of ethics committee respondents had a policy regarding self-experimentation, and one-third did not require ethical committee review of proposed experiments. There was no relationship between having a policy and asking for review. We also surveyed member attitudes to, and experiences of, self-experimentation among members of the National Academy of Sciences, Royal Society, and European Academy of Sciences. To our knowledge, this survey is the first breakdown of self-experiments into impact-relevant type classifications, and represents an advance in the field. Half of our scientist respondents performed self-experiments, and roughly one-fifth had conducted serious self-experiments. Most responders thought self-experiments were valuable, however, biologics injections, radiation exposure, and surgical implants had negative ratings greater than positive. We conclude that self-experimenters should not have attempts made to terminate them, bar them from use of facilities, nor be barred from using themselves or their tissues except in exceptional circumstances. Organizational uncertainty over the ethical and regulatory status of self-experimentation, and resulting fear of consequences is unjustified and may be blocking a route to human experiments that practicing scientists widely consider appropriate, and which historical precedent has shown is valuable.

Visualization Analysis on Diagnostic Criteria Research of Syndrome of Yin Deficiency of Liver and Kidney Based on CiteSpace V / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This paper used the co-word analysis function of CiteSpace V to take the visualization analysis of related articles,research history,status quo and tendency of diagnostic criteria research of syndrome of yin deficiency of liver and kidney.China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was used as the data source.A total of 99 papers related to diagnostic criteria research of syndrome of yin deficiency of liver and kidney were retrieved.And then,the data files were imported into CiteSpace V.The co-word and visualization analysis of authors,institutions and keywords were conducted.With the visualization analysis,the research found 389 main researchers and 4 stable research teams of diagnostic criteria research of syndrome of yin deficiency of liver and kidney.Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical basic medical institute and affiliated hospitals of universities of Chinese medicine and each region of the Chinese medicine hospital are the main institutions of this field.Cluster analysis of keywords showed that main research directions in this field contain the establishment of TCM diagnostic criteria of syndrome of yin deficiency of liver and kidney,syndrome differentiation of TCM,syndrome factors and correlational study.Diseases which attract more attentions are IgA nephropathy,hypertension,cirrhosis,chronic hepatitis B,and etc.The research result not only visually understands the research history,status quo and main research direction of this field,but also forecasts the development tendency of this field.

Careers in Industry: Pioneering Spirit Prevails at the Carlsberg Research Laboratory.

The founder of the Carlsberg brewery, J.C Jacobsen, recognized the value of private-public partnership and established the Carlsberg Foundation in 1876 with the single aim of applying research and innovation to brew the best beer. One hundred and forty years on, Jacobsen's vision still prevails, and in this interview three scientists from the Carlsberg Research Laboratory (Birgitte Skadhauge, Anna Haldrup, and Ole Olsen) share their experience about finding a career at the crossroads between industry and basic research.

[German neurology and neurologists during the Third Reich: brain research and "euthanasia"]. / Neurologie und Neurologen in der NS-Zeit: Hirnforschung und "Euthanasie".

The connection between systematic killing of the mentally ill and disabled, euphemistically called "euthanasia" in the National Socialism ideology, and German brain research has been thoroughly investigated and in detail; however, the impact of this criminal nexus on the image and self-perception of German neurologists as well as the status of neurology as a medical discipline is still the subject of controversial debates.Between 1939 and 1945 the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI) in Berlin along with other research centres were insofar enmeshed in the "euthanasia" program as brains of killed patients were dissected in the guise of "concomitant research" in order to generate medical knowledge. Affected were mainly individuals suffering from oligophrenia, early childhood brain atrophy, cerebral palsy and epilepsy. According to current historical research, collegial networks were instrumental in receiving brains of killed patients. Furthermore, civil research units were supplemented by military ones at the KWI. These, too, were concerned with the collection of medical knowledge, for instance on injuries of the brain and spinal cord. The historical approach to consider the Nazi organizations and medicine as "resources for each other" seems, therefore, at least in part applicable to neurology.

[German neurology and neurologists during the Third Reich: the aftermath]. / Neurologie und Neurologen in der NS-Zeit: Auswirkungen und Folgen von 1945 bis heute.

The article discusses the consequences for neurology as a discipline which resulted from neurologists' participation in the crimes committed under National Socialism (NS). Chronologically, the current literature distinguishes mainly four overlapping stages: (1) a first phase was characterized by legal persecution and "denazification", which was also the time of the Nuremberg doctors' trial in which no neurologists were on trial. A detailed documentation of the trial for the German medical profession was published by Alexander Mitscherlich. (2) In the subsequent practice of wide amnestying and reintegration of former Nazi followers during the 1950s, neurologists were no exception as its elite continued in their positions. The year 1953 was the year of the Lisbon scandal, when chiefly Dutch representatives protested against the participation of Julius Hallervorden in the International Congress of Neurology. The newly founded societies, the German Society for Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, DGN) and the German Society for Psychiatry and Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, DGPN), unanimously supported their member. (3) The next period was characterized by a nascent criticism of the prevailing attitude of covering up the crimes committed by physicians during the Nazi period. The discovery of incriminating brain sections at various Max Planck Institutes brought neurology to the focus of the debate. (4) Since the 1980s and 1990s historians (of medicine) have been systematically examining medicine's Nazi past in a professional way, which resulted in a noticeable increase of knowledge. Additionally, a new generation of scholars provoked a change of mind insofar as they recognized medicine's responsibility for the crimes committed between 1933 and 1945. We expect that future historical research will further elucidate the history of neurology during the NS regime and have consequences for our current understanding of research ethics.

Historical story on natural medicinal chemistry: Great charm of study on natural product chemistry / 中草药

The new drugs and the novel theories developed from natural products chemistry study have made important contribution for scientific progress. In this paper, the success achieved in natural product research was briefly reviewed, which would broaden the outlook of young researchers and arouse their interest in this area.

Research history and overview of chemical constituents of Panax notoginseng / 中草药

Panax notoginseng is a plant of the Araliaceae ginseng species. As a valuable medicine, it has a cultural history of more than 400 years with the effects of circulation to stop bleeding, swelling, pain, etc. The complex chemical composition in P. notoginseng is closely related to the effects. Currently, more than 100 compounds have been found in P. notoginseng, among which the active ingredients are mainly saponins and dencichine. The chemical compositions of P. notoginseng were divided into two parts, saponins and non saponins, and the paper gave an overview of the research process about them. In addition, according to the characteristics of different compounds, we discussed the future research directions of various types of compounds in order to provide a useful reference for the further study of P. notoginseng.

The neurobiology of alcohol consumption and alcoholism: an integrative history.

Studies of the neurobiological predisposition to consume alcohol (ethanol) and to transition to uncontrolled drinking behavior (alcoholism), as well as studies of the effects of alcohol on brain function, started a logarithmic growth phase after the repeal of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Although the early studies were primitive by current technological standards, they clearly demonstrated the effects of alcohol on brain structure and function, and by the end of the 20th century left little doubt that alcoholism is a "disease" of the brain. This review traces the history of developments in the understanding of ethanol's effects on the most prominent inhibitory and excitatory systems of brain (GABA and glutamate neurotransmission). This neurobiological information is integrated with knowledge of ethanol's actions on other neurotransmitter systems to produce an anatomical and functional map of ethanol's properties. Our intent is limited in scope, but is meant to provide context and integration of the actions of ethanol on the major neurobiologic systems which produce reinforcement for alcohol consumption and changes in brain chemistry that lead to addiction. The developmental history of neurobehavioral theories of the transition from alcohol drinking to alcohol addiction is presented and juxtaposed to the neurobiological findings. Depending on one's point of view, we may, at this point in history, know more, or less, than we think we know about the neurobiology of alcoholism.

[Review on taxonomical studies of Chinese inland-water fish].

We reviewed the taxonomy and systematics research history of freshwater fish in China based on 1 236 taxonomic literature records on Chinese freshwater fish. The research was divided into five research periods according to specific historical events: (1) period by foreign scholars, (2) period with Chinese scholars, (3) period during World War II and Civil War, (4) recovery period and (5) period of rapid development. There were representative studies and innovations in all periods. We also discuss here the characteristics of each period on the basis of literature analysis.

Historical story on natural medicinal chemistry of ginkgolides / 中草药

Natural medicines play an important role in keeping the healthy of human beings from past till now. Recently, the importance of natural medicines in research and development of new drugs has been attracted the attention of scientists. The research and development of anti-aging drugs from natural products have captured more and more attention. In this paper, the historical story on the discovery and study of the famous natural anti-aging drug-ginkgolides is summarized in memory of the great discoveries and in honor of the scientists so as to provide the reference for future related research.

Self-experimentation and its role in medical research.

Although experimentation involving human volunteers has attracted intense study, the matter of self-experimentation among medical researchers has received much less attention. Many questions have been answered only in part, or have been left unanswered. How common is this practice? Is it more common among certain nationalities? What have been the predominant medical fields in which self-experimentation has occurred? How dangerous an act has this proved to be? What have been the trends over time? What is the future likely to bring?From the available literature, I identified and analyzed 465 documented instances of this practice, performed over the course of the past 2 centuries. Most instances occurred in the United States. The peak of self-experimentation occurred in the first half of the 20th century. Eight deaths were recorded. A number of the investigators enjoyed successful careers, including the receipt of Nobel Prizes. Although self-experimentation by physicians and other biological scientists appears to be in decline, the courage of those involved and the benefits to society cannot be denied.

Historical survey on chromatoid body research.

The chromatoid body (CB) is a male reproductive cell-specific organelle that appears in spermatocytes and spermatids. The cytoplasmic granule corresponding to the CB was first discovered some 130 years ago by von Brunn in 1876. Thirty years later the German term "chromatoide Körper" (chromatoid body) was introduced to describe this granule and is still used today. In this review, first, the results obtained by light microscopic studies on the CB for the first 60 years are examined. Next, many findings revealed by electron microscopic studies are reviewed. Finally, recent molecular cell biological studies concerning the CB are discussed. The conclusion obtained by exploring the papers on CB published during the past 130 years is that many of the modern molecular cell biological studies are undoubtedly based on information accumulated by vast amounts of early studies.

Histórico e evolução da pesquisa na Faculdade de Medicina do triângulo mineiro / The development of research at triângulo mineiro medical school

Desenvolveu-se breve histórico da evolução da pesquisa na área da Saúde em Uberaba, enfatizando o papel desempenhado pelos Congressos Médicos do Triângulo Mineiro e Brasil Central, pela Sociedade de Medicina e Cirurgia de Uberaba e, especialmente, pela Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro (FMTM). Realçaram-se as pesquisas desenvolvidas sobre Doença de Chagas, motivadas pelos problemas que a enfermidade ocasionou e ainda causa a esta região e ao país. Por outro lado, procurou-se resgatar os benefícios auferi- dos pela FMTM e para a cidade e região em decorrência do exerci- cio destas atividades criadoras.

A short report on the development of health research in the city of Uberaba is presented. The roles played by Medical Meetings at Triângulo Mineiro and Central Brazil, by Uberaba Medicine and Surgery Society and, especially, by Triângulo Mineiro Medical School (FMTM) are emphasized. The research done on Chagas disease (CD) is highlighted. Such focus was needed for the troubles CD caused and still causes to this region and to the country. This is also a recollection of the benefits such exercises for generation of knowledge brought to FMTM, to the city of Uberaba and to its neighborhood.

Thirty years of hormonal contraception: an historical perspective.

PIP: In 1919, a German scientist placed ovaries from pregnant rabbits under the skin of other female rabbits making them infertile. Later he injected extracts from pregnant cow corpora lutea into rabbits also making them infertile. In 1931, he states that hormonal sterilization is the ideal birth control. Yet, it was another 30 years before the first hormonal contraceptive was available. Estrogenic research led another German scientist to conclude that estrogen inhibits the pituitary gland. This resulted in more steroid research. Many obstacles existed, however; e.g. it took 4000 gallons of urine to extract a minute amount of androsterone and almost a ton of bull testicles and identify progesterone. Schering was able to synthesize it from ox bile, resulting in high-priced monopoly. Marker later synthesized it from a Mexican yam causing the price of progesterone to drop rapidly from dollars to cents per gram. Other scientists struggled to also develop estrogenic substances. By 1940, some physicians used estrogens to suppress ovulation. Despite this evidence, few physicians considered using them for contraceptive purposes because, like abortion, contraception was taboo. Instead political activists (e.g., Margaret Sanger) addressed synthetic hormones' potential for contraception. Their persistence encouraged some researchers to isolate compounds and to conduct clinical trials with oral contraceptives (OCs). The older OCs posed a deep vein thrombosis risk. The lower-dosed OCs no longer carry this risk. There has also been some evidence, albeit inconclusive, that OCs increase, the risk of breast cancer. 30 years later, physicians still are reluctant to address contraception. The Catholic Church and conservative economists are against contraceptives. The economists fear that smaller populations reduce markets. In many developing countries another obstacle to contraceptives is the cultural norm to produce many children.^ieng